PMC

a A signal element consisting of two connectors, one curved beam and one support. The right insert defines the logic states of the signal element. b Definition of the geometrical parameters of a signal element. c Experimentally measured compressive force-height response of 12 normal-sized signal elements shown as the gray area and the corresponding FEM simulated result denoted by the solid line.

Comparison of transgene expression with modification of polyadenylation signal. A. Schematic drawings of EGFP expression cassettes having modifications in polyadenylation signal. (L: SV40 late polyadenylation signal; SL: SV40 late polyadenylation signal upstream element + SV40 late polyadenylation signal; A: synthetic polyadenylation signal, SA: SV40 late polyadenylation signal upstream element + synthetic polyadenylation signal; SSA: double copy of SV40 late polyadenylation signal upstream element + synthetic polyadenylation signal). B-C. Representative images of fluorescence (B) and western blot analysis (C) of EGFP and tdTomato expression. Scale bar, 200 μm. D. Summary graph shows that CW3SL containing WPRE3, an additional SV40 late polyadenylation signal upstream element followed by SV40 late polyadenylation signal, drives highest EGFP expression level. CW3B and CW3L drive significantly higher expression than CW3A (P < 0.01), while CW3SL drives significantly higher expression than CW3A (P < 0.001), CW3SA (P < 0.01), and CW3SSA (P < 0.05) (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ANOVA Bonferroni’s post-hoc comparison).

Receive characteristic of the 40 MHz inner circular element of the dual element transducer: (a) a received waveform by the receive element, (b) an attenuated spectrum of the signal from the source transducer and a spectrum of the received signal of receive element.

Signal distribution of non-3′ UTR APA sites in X. tropicalis. (A) Top 20 hexamers according to the occurrence number from −100 to 100 bp around 5′ UTR poly(A) sites. The signal has changed dramatically in the −40 nt to −1 nt. The most significant signal in PE region is AAUAAA, similar to the PE signal on the 3′ UTR. (B) Top 20 hexamers according to the occurrence number from −100 to 100 bp around CDS poly(A) sites. The most significant hexamer is ACUUAC, and the highly overlapping hexamer is AAGAAA in CE. (C) Top 20 hexamers sorted according to the occurrence number from −100 to 100 bp around intronic poly(A) sites. The most significant signal is AAUAAA in PE, and there is a GA-rich element around CS. (D) Polyadenylation signal models on 5′ UTR, CDS, and intron. The red triangle denotes the poly(A) site. USE, upstream sequence element; PE, positioning element; CE, cleavage element; CEL, left cleavage element; CS, cleavage site; CER, right cleavage element; DSE, downstream sequence element.